Stabilized Solid–Solid Interface for Solid-State Sodium Batteries Using Gradient Ion-Electron Conductive Phases Modified Sodium Metal Anode

TL;DRAbstract

The application of sodium anodes is essential for developing high-energy density, low-cost, and high-security solid-state sodium–metal batteries (SSSMBs) to replace commercial lithium ion batteries. However, poor interface contact, high resistance, and dendrite growth between the sodium anode and solid-state electrolyte (SSE) have hampered the application of SSSMBs. Herein, an ultrastable composite sodium anode with gradient ion-electron conductive phases was constructed through the in situ conversion and alloying reaction between SbF3 and sodium. The tightly contacted solid–solid interface between the composite anode and sodium superionic conductor oxide SSE is enriched with NaF and inside the anode is enriched with Na3Sb, which can inhibit the growth of sodium dendrites and accelerate the transport of bulk-phase sodium to the interface. Benefiting from these advantages, both symmetric and full cells assembled with such composite electrodes display excellent electrochemical performanc

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