Identification and rheological classification of real solids

TL;DRAbstract

Continuum mechanics and thermodynamics (Chapter 2) constitute the basic theoretical tools for the formulation of the physical phenomena of deformation and fracture. For fundamental and practical reasons, we model each broad class of phenomena separately. The aim of this chapter is to differentiate from a qualitative point of view and identify the most common types of material behaviour. The phenomenological method used is based on observed experimental results. We, therefore, present some basic elements on the types of tests, the machines and the modern measurement techniques likely to be used. Progress in electronics, automatic controls, digital measurements, and more recently in microprocessors has resulted in a radical transformation, especially during the 1970s, of the laboratories engaged in characterization of materials. We no longer have to be content with approximate measurements of a few quantities; we are now in a position to measure the evolution of any mathematically well d

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