Fathers' Roles in Hunter-Gatherer and Other Small-Scale Cultures

TL;DRAbstract

THIS CHAPTER SUMMARIZES and evaluates recent research on the roles offathers in child development in hunting-gathering (also known asforagers), simple farming, and pastoral (i.e., heavy reliance on cattle, camels, goats, etc.) communities around the world. In the past, these societies were referred to as preindustrial, preliterate, or traditional societies, but these terms were somewhat derogatory or implied the people were in some way or another less intelligent or complex than peoples in modern, literate, and industrial societies. These cultures are characterized by their relatively low population density and minimal amounts of social and economic stratification. Anthropologists have conducted most of the re-search in these communities, but some developmental psychologists have also contributed to the literature (e.g., Harkness & Super, 1992; Morelli & Tronick, 1992; Nsamenang, 1992). In this chapter we review three types of studies conducted on fathers in hunting-gat

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