Landlocked countries : evaluating alternative routes to the sea

TL;DRAbstract

Landlocked countries (LLCs) must negotiate agreements with transit countries (TCs) to gain access to the sea. An economic evaluation of alternative transit routes based on the concept of generalized costs which takes into account out-of-pocket plus transit time related costs, trade facilitation procedures, and trade logistics practices, will provide negotiators with crucial data on benefits and costs to both LLCs and TCs.

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