Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Western Australia

TL;DRAbstract

The potential for constructed wetlands (CWs) in Western Australia is enormous as they can provide cost-effective wastewater treatment systems with an effluent quality suitable for reuse which are simple and inexpensive to operate and maintain when compared to conventional treatment systems. As a result they represent an appropriate and sustainable technology for wastewater treatment - properties which have been widely documented. The largest drawback is the area they require which can make their application to urban areas problematic; however they are particularly well suited to small towns and rural communities where sufficient land is more likely to be available. In addition regulatory bodies are currently preoccupied with the potential for mosquito habitat which can be avoided with correct design.
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\nConstructed wetlands can be considered to be of three principal types: horizontal subsurface flow (SSF), vertical flow (VF) and free water surface (FWS). The design of SSF and

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