Refocusing development towards sustainability –the case of Selangor, Malaysia

TL;DRAbstract

Local Agenda 21 offers a holistic approach to incorporate sustainability in local policies across all sectors, with the involvement of the community. Local Agenda 21 initiatives focused on the local authority level, as this was deemed to be the level closest to the community. The bottom-up approach was promoted whereby local authorities worked in partnership with non-governmental organisations and other stakeholders. This approach is not particularly suited for the State of Selangor, Malaysia. Instead, the state government opted for an innovative and comprehensive approach, combining both the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches, modified for the existing three tiered governance mechanism. In this approach, principles, strategies and strategic action plans were formulated at the state level with the participation of all stakeholders. These were then channeled directly to various agencies involved in policy-making, planning and implementation. These agencies, in particular the state ag

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