The thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system: over-expression in human cancer.

TL;DRAbstract

Redox control has emerged as a fundamental biological control mechanism. One of the major redox control systems is the thioredoxin system comprised of thioredoxin (TRX) and thioredoxin reductase (TR). Together they form a powerful system involved in many central intracellular and extracellular processes including cell proliferation, the redox regulation of gene expression and signal transduction, protection against oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic functions, growth factor and co-cytokine effects, and regulation of the redox state of the extracellular environment. Over recent years this system has increasingly been linked to the development and expression of cancer phenotypes. In this report immunocytochemical approaches have been used to simultaneously determine the expression and localisation of both TRX and TR in primary human cancers, including breast cancer, thyroid, prostate and colorectal carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. In aggressive invasive mammary carcinomas and advanced ma

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