Electrochemical sensors: From probes to integrated smart systems

TL;DRAbstract

The emergence of the field of electroanalytical chemistry has transformed measurement science. Early application of electrochemical probes for simple ionic species has given way to more sophisticated measurements involving further chemo-selective and bio-selective materials. Such sensors have gone on to transform the measurement and monitoring of human disease.
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\nHowever, to succeed in this transformation, electrochemical sensor electrodes have had to evolve in various ways. Most notably, they have had to shrink in size from those cumbersome early probes. The discovery of the microelectrode was a major step in lateral miniaturisation. Vertical miniaturisation has been most effectively achieved by the creation of the printed electrode which allowed fabrication of electrochemical sensors in a planar configuration while being amenable to low cost, mass production. Such printed sensors have been with us now for some 20 years and again changed the paradigm of electrochemical sens

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