Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers

TL;DRAbstract

Oxidative stress is defined as a state resulting from an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient antioxidant defenses. ROS are metabolites of molecular oxygen (O2) generated as by-products of normal aerobic metabolism, and consist of: superoxide radical (.O2-), nitric oxide radical (.NO), hydroxyl radical (.OH-) and non-radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Although usually regarded as toxic, ROS also serve as mediators of signal transduction and are essential for normal physiology. Moreover, they also have a protective function in the body, as in the case with the stimulation of ROS production by macrophages as an innate immune response to bacterial infection. However, chronic exposure to excessive ROS levels can lead to oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA, resulting in tissue damage. The basic concept of the oxidative stress theory is easy to understand and therefore is very popular. Namely,

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