Teshumara: from Nationalism to "Fractionalism" : How the internal debate influenced the political outcome of the Tuareg nationalism of the Ishumar

TL;DRAbstract

For almost all African people, decolonization meant to recognize their identity and to affirm their right to self-determination. However, as most nationalist insurgency movements in Africa, the Tuareg separatist movement failed to reach its goals.Teshumara, the economic, cultural and then political movement of the Ishumar, was the only hope which permitted the Tuareg to organize a rebel movement (tanekra) during the years they lived in exile. The exile and the living in other countries (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Burkina Faso) as laborers or soldier under Kaddafi‟s Army (also in refugee camps or in the periphery of the cities), from a political and historical perspective, involved the Kel Tamasheq in the modern world.During these years a cultural revolution and the transformation of political organization happened. These migrants shaped a new culture, the Teshumara, touching all aspects of the life of its participants, the ishumar (from French unemployed). They created and organized a

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