Ungulate impact on different beech regeneration sites.

TL;DRAbstract

Forest game damages lead to a serious conflict between forest and game managers, both in Hungary and worldwide.For forestry units the most important source of incomes is the logging.However, ungulates can have serious local browsing pressure on reforestation sites by their normal feeding activities.Foresters believe that the only way for reducing that damage is the radical reduction of number of large herbivorous game species (mainly red deer) in the forest.But for game managers a suitable level of ungulate density is necessary to gain incomes from hunting.As a consequence there is no agreement about the ecologically and economically sustainable ungulate density and impact.To decrease this difficult contradiction we need scientific data about the real browsing effect of large herbivores on forest vegetation of different characteristics.In this study we investigated the available food supply and the browsing effect of ungulates on artificial and natural beech regeneration sites of diffe

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