The future role of large carnivores in terrestrial trophic interactions: the northern temperate view
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… I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves. I have watched the face of many new wolfless mountains, and seen the south‐facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails. I have seen every edible bush and seedling browsed, first to anemic desuetude, and then to death … I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves, so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer.Aldo Leopold 1949.
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… I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves. I have watched the face of many new wolfless mountains, and seen the south‐facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails. I have seen every edible bush and seedling browsed, first to anemic desuetude, and then to death … I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves, so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer.Aldo Leopold 1949.
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