PERILAKU BALOK BERLUBANG EMPAT PERSEGI PANJANG DAN LINGKARAN PADA JOINT BALOK KOLOM EKSTERIOR AKIBAT BEBAN GEMPA (Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam Having Rectangular and Circular-Shaped Openings at Exterior Reinforce

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ABSTRACT\nStructural engineers are frequently confronted with the problem of providing passage for utility ducts and pipes to accommodate essential services such as waste water plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, telephones, and electricity. There is a growing trend in providing services ducts through openings in the floor beams. However, openings in the web of a reinforced concrete beam induces high stress concentration at the corner of the opening, may reduce beam stiffness and may alter beam behavior to a more complex one. Therefore, while providing an opening, the effects on ultimate strength and service load behaviour Of the beam must be properly accounted for in design. This study investigated the effect of rectangular and circular-shaped openings on the behavior of exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joints subjected to earthquake-type loading.\nFive exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joints were constructed and tested. All five specimens had 275 mm x 275 mm square c

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