Applications of Hyperpolarized Xenon-129 Nmr and Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer in Biosensing

TL;DRAbstract

Modern clinical applications require precise positional and temporal information regarding pathological changes in cells and tissues. For example, in magnetic resonance microscopy, better than 100 sq. micros per voxel spatial resolution is necessary for imaging capillary blood vessels. And in order to monitor the blood flows in brain tissues, a series of images must be acquired in less than 2 s intervals. Further, molecular imaging aims at visualizing molecules and molecular events that occur at a cellular level, i.e. sensing biological events at a fundamentally microscopic level. When compared to other imaging modalities, the main advantages of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are its millimeter-scale spatial resolution and wide applicability achieved with minimal perturbation to in vivo systems, whereas its major drawbacks are limited sensitivity (10 protons in a million contribute to magnetic resonance) and high cost (a million US dollars each MRI scanner). One promising solution to

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